Challenges of Electronic Records Management Program

Consequently, we plan the framework need to think about numerous issues when utilizing the framework, presently we will talk about certain cases and arrangements about this point. Email with connections is the lower cost approach to keep records. For instance: request affirmation, citation, invoice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. Numerous little associations might not have an impeccable email recording plan, they simply give email account which is utilizing POP3 to get email from SMTP server, even they won’t keep any duplicate on server if ensure the mail previously transmitted to user’s PC. Client can print out the printed copy on the off chance that they think it is a record or they can press erase button on any mail they think it isn't valuable. Be that as it may, this technique have a few issues need to be careful, on the off chance that client simply squeezed an inappropriate catch on some mail, at that point this mail won't be found any longer. Since we have no additional duplicate of this mail, so should be save the duplicate on mail server for back up use, we can make annihilation time of these additional mail duplicate, possibly three or a half year, it is relies upon various organization practice. Additionally, we can give staff preparing to show end client how to work and completely use email instruments to capacity email records. Back up plan for email framework additionally essential. A few associations will make shared drive at their work place’s PC system to store or offer some brought together documents to let multi clients read, modify†¦.. and so forth. This is most ideal approach to let clients to get the refreshed data. We have to concern the security and how to ensure records consistency, before to make home gathering system, we need concern how to set up authorization of individual client, consent implies the client can peruse, alter, erase documents or organizer on the system. As a rule, server’s chairman is permitted to full control the documents and organizers on shared drive, we won’t permit â€Å"everyone† to full control shared drive’s envelope and records. This can keep away from somebody to pulverize any information on shared drive. Additionally, all information on shared drive need to do the course back up; this maintains a strategic distance from the equipment shut down unexpectedly. Back up can do by manual, reorder to outer drive, or transfer to distributed storage space, or other stockpiling media which can be authentic simpler. A few associations need contributed numerous sources and IT backing to deal with their electronic records the executives frameworks (ERMS). For instance, medical clinic and bank, they need stockpiling and procedure numerous secret and private records by day by day work. Likewise, these electronic records framework additionally need interface up database to ensure records keep consistency. ERMS can let client to track and store records simpler and bring together all the records. Client can utilize sort capacity to look through the records what they need. ERMS can permit multi clients to login database. Thusly, should require set up certain withdrawals when plan the program. For instance, if a record was adjusting, framework will alarm other client this isn't refreshed record. Additionally, ERMS need keep most extreme security of framework to shield any assault from programmer or infections oppositely. In this way, these ERMS should require IT bolster group to screen the frameworks every day activity to upkeep frameworks are worked easily and offer pressing help when the framework was closed down and illuminate the difficulty issues right away. A few associations begin to change their paper-based records to computerized pictures. Scanner is the normal and easy to use. Their yield documents can be PDF, TIF†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. We need use programming (Adobe peruser or window defaulted programming) to open related documents. Ordinarily all output duplicate should require contain at rent 200 dpi to guarantee the delicate duplicate quality. Advanced pictures record is most accommodation way and lower cost approach to let client look for records and keep long capacity life, evade information will influenced by capacity condition. Yet additionally need select capacity media cautiously. We need select capacity media consider on records’ maintenance period and action level. We recommend keeping same maintenance period record on same stockpiling media, it would be ideal if you don’t stir up various maintenance period records together. Likewise, if spare the records on outside capacity media, CD-Rom or DVD, it’s need consider the records protection level, don’t put the capacity media to open spot, it is anything but difficult to uncover the private information if the record is secret. For classified records, we recommend to store or authentic records use secret word to meet the secure reason. Up to now, store electronic records is only occasionally, numerous associations were building up their own electronic record the executives framework. Truth be told, develop the new framework is so natural, however going to upkeep framework is hard undertaking. Associations ought to be concern and set up some arrangement is suit for own organization to follow. Additionally, manner system of electronic records likewise significant. On the off chance that association choose to utilize electronic record the executives framework, structure work process of handle electronic records is essential. Likewise, staff preparing is acceptable approach to show end client to utilize frameworks to coordinate their day by day work for looking for records. This is immediate influence records are capacity or utilize well. In the event that electronic records were put away appropriately, it is thoroughly spare association cost to keep paper-based records and increment staff proficiency. In this way, develop the flawless framework can bring association numerous points of interest for business, obviously need follow above answers for improve framework. On the off chance that association can oversaw electronic records well overall, it is carry some certainty to client; it can procure some generosity esteem for business. For the future, we accept paper-less business will be more promote, that’s why well plan electronic record the executives framework is entirely significant. This can bring association much future commitment.

Diversity Of Phylum Chordata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Decent variety Of Phylum Chordata - Essay Example In fish they are changed to shape gills and they may vanish as the creature develops particularly in a portion of the vertebrates. The pharyngeal gill cut is available sooner or later in life of the creatures. Nerve rope: It is empty and dorsoventrally positioned to the notochord and finishes in the cerebrum. Different highlights are solid tail (post butt-centric tail) and endostyle (a furrow like structure in the ventral mass of the pharynx. Anyway the general highlights displayed by creatures in this phylum are: The creatures have a respectively even body Their bodies are divided and in this way have portioned muscles Their coelom is all around created They have very much evolved circulatory framework with a ventrally positioned heart and are accordingly more dynamic than their partner spineless creatures. Their skeleton is either hard or cartilaginous Their stomach related framework is finished implying that their gut goes through the body from mouth to the rear-end. The phylum ch ordate falls under the Kingdom Animalia and is additionally partitioned into the subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata. Be that as it may, creatures in these subphyla may show various qualities yet the explanation behind them being gathered in a similar phylum is on the grounds that they display comparative characters alluded to as bringing together connections, for example, urochordates’ hatchlings have both notochord and nerve string which evaporates in adulthood. Cephalochordates have a notochord and nerve rope which continue to adulthood however don't have head. In vertebrates, the notochord is supplanted with vertebral section at adulthood stage and the nerve string turns into the spinal line. Subphylum Urochordata Urochordates otherwise called Tunicates and exemplified by Ascidia have the accompanying attributes: At grown-up stage, their body is secured with a suck like structure (Tunica) and has two siphons one through which water enters the body (incurr ent siphon) and the other through which water leaves the body (excurrent siphon). They are channel feeders and sessile. Despite the fact that grown-ups are sessile, their hatchlings are free swimming and display practically all chordate attributes. Subphylum Cephalochordata Exemplified by amphioxus and lancelets, cephalochordates have eel like bodies, they are marine, their bodies are fragmented. Individuals from the phylum are delicate bodied and along these lines, cephalochordates are not fossilized. A notochord reaches out through their stretched body and mouth is outfitted with cirri which helps in acquiring food. They have various gill cuts and are likewise dioecious. They are channel feeders (remove food from water taken in however the mouth by help of cilia on their wheel organ. Subphylum vertebrata Vertebrates are the most progressive chordates and separated from having an interior skeleton, they display the accompanying qualities: Their bodies are portioned They have a reci procal balanced body Their endoskeleton is either a hard or cartilaginous Pharyngeal gill cuts are lost in grown-ups however are available during early stage Their heart is ventrally positioned They gangs post butt-centric tail They have a shut circulatory framework Vertebrata Classes caught are: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes,Amphibia ,Reptila ,aves and Mammalia Class Agnatha Agnathans emerge from a gathering of vertebrates known as Cylclostomes (fishes or gathering of vertebrates without jaws) which avoids Gnathostomes (gathering of vertebrat

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading February 1, 2018

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading February 1, 2018 In this regular feature, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). Your TBR list is about to get some new additions. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves Trouble Never Sleeps  by Stephanie Tromly (Kathy Dawson Books, April 14th): This delightfully awesome mystery series satisfies my craving for the annoyingly charming Logan Echolls. It’s funny, with great banter, and one of those series that is equally great in print AND in audio so I spend most of the time wanting to ping-pong between the two. I took a peek at just the 1st page and before I knew it I’d inhaled the first 100 pagesâ€"now if you’ll excuse me I’ve got to get back to this wonderful read. (ARC) Claire Handscombe I Am Thunder by Muhammad Khan:  This book about a teen who wants to be a writer but whose parents don’t approve was always going to resonate with me, but it’s also an important new voice in UKYA, which desperately needs better representation of BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) characters. I’m really enjoying spending time with Muzna and I hope things work out for her, even though the class hottie is clearly going to be trouble. (paperback) Elizabeth Allen The Female Persuasion by Meg Wolitzer (Riverhead Books, April 3rd): I’ve been looking forward to another brightly-colored book by the author of The Interestings for some time now. And while I’m not quite enjoying The Female Persuasion as much as I loved her 2013 bildungsroman about a woman and her camp friends, the topic is so relevant as to have me turning pages at a significant rate. In her latest, Wolitzer addresses those crucial rites of passageâ€"when one discovers a cause they feel passionately about, when one discovers a role model that leads them in that passion, and when one is inevitably disappointed by that role model. Her ability to write nuanced female relationships shines in this book, as we watch Greer Kadetsky navigate the minefield of caring so deeply about something and someone. Susie Dumond Pachinko by Min Jin Lee: FINALLY got this one off the holds list at the library and I’m loving it so far! It got a lot of buzz last year, and I am highly susceptible to buzz. It follows four generations of a Korean family through the turmoil of Japanese colonization and is full of fascinating history and gripping characters. (ebook) Anthony Karcz Conspiracy of Ravens by Lila Bowen:  Because what this blah January needs to bring it back to life is a weird western tale told by a skin-shifting, blood-soaked heroine (and when the first book ends on a literal cliffhanger, you have to binge-read the second). Kate Scott Nomadland by Jessica Bruder: The post-recession economic plight of America’s senior citizens is a problem too often ignored. In this brilliant piece of journalism, Jessica Bruder hits the road with the 50-, 60-, and 70-somethings who survive by living in camper trailers and migrating around the country in pursuit of seasonal jobs. Their struggles highlight our country’s problem with ageism and the ever-increasing likelihood of downward social mobility. (audiobook) Steph Auteri     Starting with Goodbye by Lisa Romeo: I admired this essayist’s work from afar for years before coming to know her personally, so I thought it was about damn time that someone published a book-length work from her. Happy to start digging into this memoir of a daughter who comes to build a whole new relationship with her father after his death. (egalley) Elisa Shoenberger The Flintstones Vol 1 by Mark Russell and art by Steve Pugh:  I know, I know…I remember watching the Hanna-Barbera cartoon as a kid. It was not a cartoon of much substance.When a friend suggested this to me as one of his best reads of 2017, I was naturally super skeptical. So I tried the first issue and it hooked me. Now I’m in the middle of the first trade. It’s not the Flintstones of our childhood. It’s a critique about the cost of capitalism on members of society. It’s surprising to say the least but very pithy and enjoyable. (paperback) Sarah Nicolas Windwitch by Susan Dennard:  I read Truthwitch a while back, and with the prequel Sightwitch coming out, I thought it was a good time to read the 2nd book in this series. It’s been a while since I read the first book, so I’m struggling to remember exactly what happened previously, but I’m excited to see where the story leads and to read more about my OTL Iseult. E.H. Kern Kafka. The Early Years by Reiner Stach: Finally! The third volume about the life and work of Franz Kafka is here! As beautifully written, and as filled with insight as the previous two volumes that dealt with Kafka’s definitive years as a writer and his final years among us here on earth, this third volume was well worth the wait. Reiner Stach is an amazing biographer and Shelley Frisch a highly skilled and intuitive translator. (paperback) Aimee Miles North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell: Gaskell has been on my radar for a while. I remember being completely caught up in the characters of the adaptation of Wives and Daughters when I was in high school and I adore the 2004 BBC miniseries adaptation of North and South. Gaskell maintains a beautiful balance of perspectives that have much in common with modern feminism while fitting perfectly into their time period. Gaskell encompasses that when Henry Lennox proposes to Margaret, showing the universality of women’s experiences across centuries. Like that feeling you get when your friend hits on you and you just are not interested. Sigh. Juliet Stevenson is as excellent a narrator as ever, doing appropriate (to my ear) measures of Northern accents for each of the Northern characters. I am utterly enthralled. (audiobook) Liberty Hardy Speak No Evil by Uzodinma Iweala (Harper, March 6) A new novel from the author of Beasts of No Nation, about a young Nigerian American who is crushing high school, as far as athletics, school work, and an acceptance to Harvard, but is feeling emotionally tormented from trying to hide the fact that he is gay from his conservative parents. (galley) Jaime Herndon Star Wars Trilogy by George Lucas, Donald F Glut, James Kahn: I’m a huge SW fan, but have never read the original books. I’m diving in and love how it expands upon what I’m used to seeing on screen. I’ve only read a couple of the other SW books (offshoots of the main saga), so it will be interesting to see how this plays out. (paperback) Melissa Baron Deathless by Catherynne M. Valente: I’ve been wanting to read more Valente ever since falling in love with Silently and Very Fast. Deathless is a delightful and dark Russian folklore tale that reads like a cross between a Grimm fairy tale and Pan’s Labyrinth, with the Russian Revolution as the backdrop instead of the Spanish Civil War. And the protag is older and embroiled in a complicated romantic relationship with the Tsar of Life. Valente’s writing makes this a lush, descriptive read, if a little hard to follow at times. (paperback) Danika Ellis Jaya and Rasa by Sonia Patel: This is a YA love story between an Indian trans boy and a mixed race teen girl who has been coerced into sex work, set in Hawaii. I feel a little bit in over my head, but I’m enjoying letting it wash over me. I’m only a few chapters in, but it’s already engrossing. (hardcover) S.W. Sondheimer The Gentleman’s Guide to Vice and Virtue by Mackenzi Lee: a historical, YA, romance with a male, bisexual lead, this novel probably wouldn’t ever have been on my radar (it’s the YA romance; bisexual and historical are two of my jams) had my fellow Rioters not opened my eyes to my snobbery. And I’m so glad they didâ€"The Gentleman’s Guide is absolutely delightful. It is also a fascinating alternative survey of history and a moving, complex love story. Sam Burt The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins. I revisited this classic in search of something more soothing than Midnight’s Children. It’s done the trick so far: loving the tangential, conversational style of the narrator, although I suspect I’m continually missing vital clues as to the whereabouts of that missing diamond… (paperback) Erin McCoy The Driftwood Promise by Maren Ferguson: This small-town romance is set in the picturesque oceanside town of Sea Glass Cove. Ferguson (the pseudonym for author Suzie O’Connell) specializes in books featuring close-knit communities with heroes/heroines who are fighting off past demons. I love that Ferguson’s characters are always flawed and totally realistic. In The Driftwood Promise we get a bit of closure from book one of the series, The Abalone Shell, but we also, more importantly, get to see Erin McKinney fall in love. This one is an emotional rollercoaster thats proving worth the undertaking. (ebook) Rebecca Hussey My Favorite Thing Is Monsters by Emil Ferris: I remember hearing about this book on one of the Book Riot podcasts, which is what got me interested, and when I realized it would count for two of the comics tasks on the Read Harder Challenge (tasks #4 and #18), I knew I’d be reading it. (library paperback) Katie McLain Horrorstor by Grady Hendrix. Horror novel set in an Ikea-type furniture store, and designed to LOOK like an Ikea-type catalog. I’ve had this book on my radar ever since it came out, and why I’ve waited this long to read it is a mystery to me. (paperback) Tiffani Willis Binti: The Night Masquerade by Nnedi Okorafor: The epic conclusion to Nnedi Okorafor’s trilogy about a woman who travels far from home and back again, learning more about herself, her people along the way. In the first volume Binti was on her way to a university on another planet when her ship was attacked. In the second she traveled into the desert to learn more about her past. In this volume, Binti returns home to find a war brewing, a war that only Binti, a master harmonizer, seems able to stop. Ashley Holstrom Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Womens Pain by Abby Norman: Have you seen the cover of this book? It’s a uterus made of flowers, with a butterfly on an ovary. It’s perfect. Abby Norman writes powerfully about her experience living with endometriosis and presents research on the disease and the history of women who were brushed off by medical professionals. You know, like how hysteria is anything that ails a woman, but the same symptoms do not equate hysteria in a man. It’s hitting all my feminist and history and medicine buttons. (galley) Ilana Masad How Fiction Works by James Wood: I’ve never read what is now considered a classic in books about writing (though it’s only from 2008, so like…how? But okay). James Wood has always been one of my favorite book critics (he writes for The New Yorker) because of the care he takes in how he reads, the close attention he pays, and his own beautiful writing style. But there’s also a clear bias to his tastes, and he shows that in this bookâ€"almost all his examples are from dead white dude writers, and the couple women he cites are similarly white. His reading tastes and writing criteria are rather narrow, which is unfortunate. Nevertheless, it’s an incredibly illuminating and smart book, but one that there’s endless possibility to argue with. Brandi Bailey Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor: I’ve become obsessed with Okorafor’s writing over the past year and I have been waiting nearly six months (six!!!) for this epic fantasy novel to become available at my library. While denser than any of her other works, Who Fears Death  is proving to be a super engrossing, completely immersive read. I love how complex Onyesonwu is and how well Okorafor brings her emotional turmoil to the page. (library hardcover) Patricia Thang H Is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald: I’m not sure how to explain why I picked this book up except to say that I’m a huge sucker for memoirs featuring animals and/or nature. I’m sure many readers can relate to the fact that more often than not, dog memoirs are what we most easily encounter regularly. And while I love love love a good dog memoir, it’s so dang exciting when I find a memoir featuring an animal that’s not a dog. Factor in my obsession with birds of prey, and I think it’s clear that H Is for Hawk was basically made for me. (ebook) Jesse Doogan The Crescent Stone by Matt Mikalatos: This book is really personal for me, since it’s one that I helped to acquire. I am delighted with how it’s turning out: it’s a young adult fantasy that aims to help white kids learn to examine their privilege, while also being a really fun portal fantasy with Orcs and elves and dangerous plant people. It’s about a girl, Maddie, who has a terminal lung disease. An elf-like creature appears to her and offers to cure her in exchange for one year of service in his magical land. She and her buddy Jason Wu are swept up into adventure. (Jason has a bargain, too: it involves pudding cups and a unicorn.) Jason is one of my favorite characters I’ve read in a while. Super excited for this one! (galleys) Derek Attig Blackfish City by Sam J. Miller: I only just started this book, but already I’m hooked. It’s giving me a little bit of Annalee Newitz’s Autonomous, a little bit of China Mieville’s The Scar, and a whole lot of its own particular magic. (egalley) Tiffany Hall     Strange the Dreamer by Laini Taylor: I’ve long heard of Taylor’s poetic and dreamy prose, and yearned to read it myself. So, after months of reading books just to fill my quota on Goodreads, I decided to take my time with this one and really dive in head first. Thus far, Strange the Dreamer has not disappointed me, and I hope as I continue to flip the pages that it will stay that way. (hardcover) Cecilia Lyra Little Fires Everywhere by Celeste Ng: It would be disingenuous to say that I chose this book. It chose me. It was recommended by every single person/entity on the planet (friends from my book club, family members, iBooks, Goodreadsâ€"even a former professor!) and it kept showing up on Facebook feed. Fine, I thought. Ill give the book a chance. The result? I started it two days ago and am almost done. Its unputdownable! I highly recommend it! Karina Glaser Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor: I reread this book for a Book Riot piece I wrote for the 2018 Read Harder challenge, and it was amazing how a book written over forty years ago and set during the height of the Great Depression could still feel so fresh and relevant. I encourage everyone to read (or reread) it! Gretchen Lida A House of My Own: Stories of My Life by Sandra Cisneros: A friend, who I admire for her grace and clarity, texted me along with a link saying that she had bought the audio of this book  for me, “I thought of you so much as I read this book…How you must just want to burst to tell a story.” This is Cisneros memoir, and as I listened I knew I had to lock the door and write harder. Margaret Kingsbury The Sky is Yours by Chandler Klang Smith: I requested this book on Netgalley after reading its quirky premise: a dystopian future plagued by dragons. I love dragons! And I’ve never heard of a premise quite like this, except for the movie Reign of Fire. Okay, so this book’s not like that movie, nor did I expect it to be (I should totally re-watch that movie, though)! The book is living up to the quirk factor so far (flying cars, possibility of human/machine cyborgs, and just super weird characters), and I’m only a couple chapters into it. (egalley) Tasha Brandstatter Death Below Stairs by Jennifer Ashley: I had some issues getting into this book before, but decided to give it another try in audiobook format. (audiobook) Teresa Preston The Fortunes by Peter Ho Davies. My book club is reading this collection of four novellas/short stories about Chinese Americans at different periods in American history. So far, I’ve read about an immigrant who got involved in the building of the railroad in California and Anna May Wong, the first Chinese-American movie star. (library hardcover) Simone Jung Girls Burn Brighter by Shobha Rao (flatiron books, March 6) I knew this was going to be a book I would love to read and I was totally right. I was already hooked from the first part of the story where our two main characters (Poornima and Shivati) meet. The friendship they were able to build within the short period of time seems to be one of the ones that will last a lifetime. While both of their lives are filled with turmoil and conflict, these two women are able to think of each other and the time they spent together. This book will make you think about your own female friendships and while we all live busy lives and have things to attend to, we always keep in mind the friendships we create and how they shape us in the end. (egalley) Laura Sackton Salad Anniversary by Machi Tawara: I’m trying to read one book of poetry each month this year, and my current pick is this slim volume of haiku and tanka poetry from Japan. It was published to wild success in 1987. The poems are short meditations on ordinary life and love. So far, I’m enjoying them immensely. Trisha Brown The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up by Marie Kondo: Maybe this is sort of because it’s a new year and I want to get my life together. But it’s really because I need someone to tell me what to do with the tube of wood glue I used one time four years ago and the little baggie of single earrings I’ve been keeping in case I feel “crafty” for the first time in three decades. So in other words, it probably is largely because it’s a new year and I want to get my life together. (hardcover) Priya Sridhar Published: The Proven Path From Blank Page to Published Author by Chandler Bolt:  This book at aimed at writers who want to find their purpose, and boldly venture into the self-publishing world. I admire the perspective, and Chandler’s confidence for describing what a good book needs. (PDF) Jessica Pryde The Gods of Tango by Carolina de Robertis: I’ve been meaning to read this forever, because the premise is so fascinating, and now I have to because I’m facilitating an LGBTQ+ book club for my library and it’s our first pick, so yay! (paperback) Rincey Abraham Forty Acres by Dwayne Alexander Smith: I heard about this one years ago and have had it on my list of books to check out for a long time, especially since it can be difficult to discover thrillers written by non-white authors. (library hardcover) Adiba Jaigirdar Dread Nation by Justina Ireland: This book has been pretty hyped up, and rightly so! I’m only one third of the way in and I’m already totally engrossed and finding it hard to put it down. Justina Ireland’s writing is fantastic. As is her alt history world filled with zombies. But what steals the show is her main character, Jane McKeene, who I’m totally in love with. (egalley) Dana Lee White Tears by Hari Kunzru: I’m all about books with music as a major part of the plot lately. So right now I’m reading White Tears, recommended by my fellow Rioters. It’s still pretty early in the book, but the setup is really interesting: two friends just out of college share a passion for music and the recording process. They accidentally record a singer in a park and send it out claiming it’s a long lost blues record. The prose is simple, yet lyrical and I’m excited to see how the repercussions of their actions “spiral down into the heart of the nation’s darkness” as the book jacket promises. Rachel Wagner Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America by Ibram X Kendi: I saw this online somewhere and had to get it. I’m only a few pages in so far, but the prose and the argument are both clear and concise. Kendi contextualizes the fact that racist policies precede racism. (library book) Dana Staves How to Write an Autobiographical Novel: Essays by Alexander Chee:  I’ve been meaning to read Alexander Chee’s novel, The  Queen of the Night, for awhile, but haven’t gotten to it. (Yet!) But his new book of essays sounded like a great place to start with him. I’m a sucker for writers talking about writing, and while I’m only in the first essay, I think I’m going to really enjoy this. (eGalley)

Breastfeeding - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 429 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Children Essay Mother Essay Did you like this example? Every year, approximately 4 million babies are born in the United States. This means that every year, approximately 8 million breasts are swollen with Mother Natures own ambrosia, ready to start our children down the path to a healthy and well-adjusted life. Having a child is the most natural thing in the world to most women. Breast feeding is the the most healthy food for a newborn child. It prevents a wide range of illnesses as well as helps the mother feel better after birth. So why not breastfeed your new born? Although many people believe that breast feeding puts undue stress on a new mother, ultimately, as a mother, you will be responsible for every single feeding that your child experiences. Sure, it is true that you can pump the breasts in order to store milk or allow others to feed the baby; this can also prove to be a large hassle. Another common issue that women experience after giving birth is getting all of the weight off that they have acquired while carrying the baby. By breastfeeding, the body will naturally burn calories. This will result in less weight, and the extra weight to burn off more quickly. ;https://breastfeeding. about. com/od/breastfeedingbasics/a/proscons. htm;. Nursing is definitely time-consuming. Newborn babies typically feed every 2 to 3 hours during the day and may awaken frequently at night. There can be a certain amount of anxiety and frustration while a mother is learning the process of nursing. It is easy and convenient there is nothing to buy or prepare so it gives the mother much more freedom. Breasts are always there and the milk is always warm and ready. The mother can snooze during night feeding, this may also help her stay more relaxed during the feedings. (Nagin) Sometimes mothers have physical problems like mastitis, plugged milk ducts and engorgement if the baby is not feeding frequently or properly. Your breasts also leak, a lot. Lots of women leak quite a bit. For several months they may have to sleep with 2 sets of breast pads or a cloth diaper under their bra, and still wake up in puddles every morning. Now, most women dont leak quite this bad. That alone can make it frustrating enough to make a woman question whether they would want to continue breastfeeding and having the front of their shirts soaked all the time. Breastfeeding protects babies against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), as well as sepsis in pre-term babies. Breast milk contains antibodies that help babies fight off infections like otitis media and respiratory problems Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Breastfeeding" essay for you Create order

Cyanide Poisoning From Apples, Peaches, Cherries

The weather is nice, so I was out looking at trees and shrubs to add to my garden. I noticed the tags on trees from the Prunus genus (cherries, peaches, plums, apricots, almonds) carried the warning that the leaves and other parts of the plant can be toxic if ingested. Thats true of other members of the rose family as well (large family which includes roses, but also apples and pears). The plants produce cyanogenic glycosides which can lead to cyanide poisoning in people and animals if enough of the compound is ingested. Some leaves and wood contain relatively high levels of the cyanogenic compounds. Seeds and pits from these plants also contain the compounds, though you need to chew several of the seeds to get a dangerous exposure. (This Letter to the Editor of American Family Physician cites references for fatalities from apple seeds and apricot kernels, in addition to other plants.) If you swallow the odd seed or two, dont be concerned. Your body is well-equipped to detoxify low d oses of cyanide. However, consult poison control if you suspect your child or pet (or farm animal) has eaten several seeds. If youre out camping and want sticks for roasting hotdogs and marshmallows, avoid using twigs from these plants.Apple Seeds Cherry Pits Are Poisonous | Drugs from PlantsPhoto: Darren Hester

Blood Promise Chapter Nine Free Essays

string(70) " He took a step closer to where I sat, and I saw his guardians tense\." â€Å"I thought you were a dream,† I said. They all remained standing, the dhampirs fanning out around the Moroi in a sort of protective formation. Abe’s was the strange face I’d seen while I’d been going in and out of consciousness after the fight by the barn. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Promise Chapter Nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was older than me, close to Olena’s age. He had black hair and a goatee, and about as tan a complexion as Moroi ever had. If you’ve ever seen tan or dark-skinned people who are sick and grow pale, it’s a lot like that. There was some pigment in his skin, but it was underscored by an intense pallor. Most astonishing of all was his clothing. He wore a long dark coat that screamed money, paired with a cashmere crimson scarf. Below it, I could see a bit of gold, a chain to match the gold hoop earring he wore in one of his ears. My initial impression of that flamboyance would have been pirate or pimp. A moment later, I changed my mind. Something about him said he was the kind of guy who broke kneecaps to get his way. â€Å"Dream, eh? That,† the Moroi said, with the very slightest hint of a smile, â€Å"is not something I hear very often. Well, no.† He reconsidered. â€Å"I do occasionally show up in people’s nightmares.† He was neither American nor Russian; I couldn’t identify the accent. Was he trying to impress me or intimidate me with his big, bad reputation? Sydney hadn’t been afraid of him, exactly, but she’d certainly possessed a healthy amount of wariness. â€Å"Well, I assume you already know who I am,† I said. â€Å"So, the question now is, what are you doing here?† â€Å"No,† he said, the smile turning harder. â€Å"The question is, what are you doing here?† I gestured back to the house, trying to play it cool. â€Å"I’m going to a funeral.† â€Å"That’s not why you came to Russia.† â€Å"I came to Russia to tell the Belikovs that Dimitri was dead, seeing as no one else bothered to.† That was turning into a handy explanation for me being here, but as Abe studied me, a chill ran down my spine, kind of like when Yeva looked at me. Like that crazy old woman, he didn’t believe me, and again I felt the dangerous edge to his otherwise jovial personality. Abe shook his head, and now the smile was gone altogether. â€Å"That’s not the reason either. Don’t lie to me, little girl.† I felt my hackles going up. â€Å"And don’t interrogate me, old man. Not unless you’re ready to tell me why you and your sidekicks risked driving that road to pick up Sydney and me.† Abe’s dhampirs stiffened at the words old man, but to my surprise, he actually smiled again-though the smile didn’t reach his eyes. â€Å"Maybe I was just helping out.† â€Å"Not from what I hear. You’re the one who had the Alchemists send Sydney with me here.† â€Å"Oh?† He arched an eyebrow. â€Å"Did she tell you that? Mmm†¦ that was bad behavior on her part. Her superiors aren’t going to like that. Not at all.† Oh, damn. I’d spoken without thinking. I didn’t want Sydney to get in trouble. If Abe really was some kind of Moroi Godfather type-what had she called him? Zmey? The snake?-I didn’t doubt he could talk to other Alchemists to make her life even more miserable. â€Å"I forced it out of her,† I lied. â€Å"I†¦ I threatened her on the train. It wasn’t hard. She’s already scared to death of me.† â€Å"I don’t doubt she is. They’re all scared of us, bound by centuries of tradition and hiding behind their crosses to protect them-despite the gifts they get from their tattoos. In a lot of ways, they get the same traits as you dhampirs-just no reproductive issues.† He gazed up at the stars as he spoke, like some sort of philosopher musing on the mysteries of the universe. Somehow, that made me angrier. He was treating this like a joke, when clearly he had some agenda regarding me. I didn’t like being part of anyone’s plans-particularly when I didn’t know what those plans were. â€Å"Yeah, yeah, I’m sure we could talk about the Alchemists and how you control them all night,† I snapped. â€Å"But I still want to know what you want with me.† â€Å"Nothing,† he said simply. â€Å"Nothing? You’ve gone to a lot of trouble to set me up with Sydney and follow me here for nothing.† He looked back down from the sky, and there was a dangerous glint in his eyes. â€Å"You’re of no interest to me. I have my own business to run. I come on behalf of others who are interested in you.† I stiffened, and at last, true fear ran through me. Shit. There was a manhunt out for me. But who? Lissa? Adrian? Tatiana? Again, that last one made me nervous. The others would seek me out because they cared. But Tatiana†¦ Tatiana feared I’d run off with Adrian. Once more I thought that if she wanted me found, it might be because she wanted to ensure I didn’t come back. Abe struck me as the kind of person who could make people disappear. â€Å"And what do the others want? Do they want me home?† I asked, trying to appear unafraid. â€Å"Did you think you could just come here and drag me back to the U.S.?† That secretive smile of Abe’s returned. â€Å"Do you think I could just drag you back?† â€Å"Well,† I scoffed, again without thinking, â€Å"you couldn’t. Your guys here could. Well, maybe. I might be able to take them.† Abe laughed out loud for the first time, a rich, deep sound filled with sincere amusement. â€Å"You live up to your brash reputation. Delightful.† Great. Abe probably had a whole file on me somewhere. He probably knew what I liked for breakfast. â€Å"I’ll make a trade with you. Tell me why you’re here, and I’ll tell you why I’m here.† â€Å"I already told you.† In a flash, the laughter was gone. He took a step closer to where I sat, and I saw his guardians tense. You read "Blood Promise Chapter Nine" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"And I told you not to lie to me. You’ve got a reason for being here. I need to know what it is.† â€Å"Rose? Can you come in here?† Back toward the Belikov house, Viktoria’s clear voice rang out in the night. Glancing behind me, I saw her standing in the doorway. Suddenly, I wanted to get away from Abe. There was something lethal underneath that gaudy, jovial facade, and I didn’t want to spend another minute with him. Leaping up, I began backing toward the house, half-expecting his guardians to come kidnap me, despite his words. The two guys stayed where they were, but their eyes watched me carefully. Abe’s quirky smile returned to his face. â€Å"Sorry I can’t stay and chat,† I said. â€Å"That’s all right,† he said grandly. â€Å"We’ll find time later.† â€Å"Not likely,† I said. He laughed, and I hastily followed Viktoria into the house, not feeling safe until I shut the door. â€Å"I do not like that guy.† â€Å"Abe?† she asked. â€Å"I thought he was your friend.† â€Å"Hardly. He’s some kind of mobster, right?† â€Å"I suppose,† she said, like it was no big deal. â€Å"But he’s the reason you’re here.† â€Å"Yeah, I know about him coming to get us.† Viktoria shook her head. â€Å"No, I mean here. I guess while you were in the car, you kept saying, ? ®Belikov, Belikov.’ Abe figured you knew us. That’s why he took you to our house.† That was startling. I’d been dreaming of Dimitri, so of course I would have said his last name. But I’d had no idea that was how I’d ended up here. I’d figured it was because Olena had medical training. Then Viktoria added the most astonishing thing of all. â€Å"When he realized we didn’t know you, he was going to take you somewhere else-but grandmother said we had to keep you. I guess she’d had some dream that you’d come to us.† â€Å"What?† Crazy, creepy Yeva who hated me? â€Å"Yeva dreamed about me?† Viktoria nodded. â€Å"It’s this gift she has. Are you sure you don’t know Abe? He’s too big-time to be here without a reason.† Olena hurried over to us before I could respond. She caught hold of my arm. â€Å"We’ve been looking for you. What took so long?† This question was directed to Viktoria. â€Å"Abe was-â€Å" Olena shook her head. â€Å"Never mind. Come on. Everyone’s waiting.† â€Å"For what?† I asked, letting her drag me through the house to the backyard. â€Å"I was supposed to tell you,† explained Viktoria, scurrying along. â€Å"This is the part where everyone sits and remembers Dimitri by telling stories.† â€Å"Nobody’s seen him in so long; we don’t know what’s happened to him recently,† said Olena. â€Å"We need you to tell us.† I flinched. Me? I balked at that, particularly when we emerged outside and I saw all those faces around the campfire. I didn’t know any of them. How could I talk about Dimitri? How could I reveal what was closest to my heart? Everyone seemed to blur together, and I thought I might faint. For the moment, none of them noticed me. Karolina was speaking, her baby in her arms. Every so often she’d pause, and the others would laugh. Viktoria sat down on a blanket-covered spot on the ground and pulled me down beside her. Sydney joined us a little while later. â€Å"What’s she saying?† I whispered. Viktoria listened to her sister for a few moments and then leaned closer to me. â€Å"She’s talking about when Dimitri was very young, how he used to always beg her and her friends to let him play with them. He was about six and they were eight and didn’t want him around.† Viktoria paused again to take in the next part of the story. â€Å"Finally, Karolina told him he could if he agreed to be married off to their dolls. So Karolina and her friends dressed him and the dolls up over and over and kept having weddings. Dimitri was married at least ten times.† I couldn’t help but laugh as I tried to picture tough, sexy Dimitri letting his big sister dress him up. He probably would have treated his wedding ceremony with a doll as seriously and stoically as he did his guardian duties. Other people spoke, and I tried to keep up with the translations. All the stories were about Dimitri’s kindness and strength of character. Even when not out battling the undead, Dimitri had always been there to help those who needed it. Almost everyone could recall sometime that Dimitri had stepped up to help others, going out of his way to do what was right, even in situations that could put him at risk. That was no surprise to me. Dimitri always did the right thing. And it was that attitude that had made me love him so much. I had a similar nature. I too rushed in when others needed me, sometimes when I shouldn’t have. Others called me crazy for it, but Dimitri had understood. He’d always understood me, and part of what we’d worked on was how to temper that impulsive need to run into danger with reason and calculation. I had a feeling no one else in this world would ever understand me like he did. I didn’t notice how strongly the tears were running down my cheeks until I saw everyone looking at me. At first, I thought they considered me crazy for crying, but then I realized someone had asked me a question. â€Å"They want you to talk about Dimitri’s last days,† Viktoria said. â€Å"Tell us something. What he did. What he was like.† I used my sleeve to clean my face and looked away, focusing on the bonfire. I’d spoken in front of others before without hesitation, but this was different. â€Å"I†¦ I can’t,† I told Viktoria, my voice strained and soft. â€Å"I can’t talk about him.† She squeezed my hand. â€Å"Please. They need to hear about him. They need to know. Just tell us anything. What was he like?† â€Å"He†¦ he was your brother. You know.† â€Å"Yes,† she said gently. â€Å"But we want to know what you think he was like.† My eyes were still on the fire, watching the way the flames danced and shifted from orange to blue. â€Å"He†¦ he was the best man I’ve ever met.† I stopped to gather myself, and Viktoria used the opportunity to translate my words into Russian. â€Å"And he was one of the best guardians. I mean, he was young compared to a lot of them, but everyone knew who he was. They all knew his reputation, and lots of people relied on him for advice. They called him a god. And whenever there was a fight†¦ or danger†¦ he was always the first one to put himself out there. He never flinched. And a couple months ago, when our school was attacked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I choked up here a bit. The Belikovs had said they knew of the attack-that everyone knew about it-and from the faces here, it was true. I didn’t need to elaborate on that night, on the horrors I’d seen. â€Å"That night,† I continued, â€Å"Dimitri rushed out to face the Strigoi. He and I were together when we realized they were attacking. I wanted to stay and help him, but he wouldn’t let me. He just told me to go, to run off and alert others. And he stayed behind-not knowing how many Strigoi he’d have to take on while I went for help. I still don’t know how many he fought-but there were a bunch. And he took them all down alone.† I dared to look up at the faces around me. Everyone was so quiet and still that I wondered if they were breathing. â€Å"It was so hard,† I told them. Without realizing it, my voice had dropped to a whisper. I had to repeat myself more loudly. â€Å"It was so hard. I didn’t want to leave him, but I knew I had to. He taught me so much, but one of the biggest things was that we have to protect others. It was my duty to warn everyone else, even though I just wanted to stay with him. The whole time, my heart kept saying, ? ®Turn around, turn around. Go to him!’ But I knew what I had to do and I also knew part of him was trying to keep me safe. And if the roles had been reversed†¦ well, I would have made him run too.† I sighed, surprised I’d revealed so much of my heart. I switched back to business. â€Å"Even when the other guardians joined him, Dimitri never backed down. He took down more Strigoi than almost anyone.† Christian and I had actually killed the most. â€Å"He†¦ he was amazing.† I told them the rest of the story that I’d told the Belikovs. Only I actually forced a little detail this time, telling them vividly just how brave and fierce he had been. The words hurt me as I spoke, and yet†¦ it was almost a relief to get them out. I’d kept the memories of that night too close to me. But eventually, I had to tell them about the cave. And that†¦ that was the worst. â€Å"We’d trapped the escaping Strigoi in a cave. It had two entrances, and we came at them from both sides. Some of our people got trapped, though, and there were more Strigoi than we’d expected. We lost people†¦ but we would have lost a lot more if Dimitri hadn’t been there. He wouldn’t leave until everyone was out. He didn’t care about the risk to himself. He only knew he had to save others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I’d seen it in his eyes, that determination. Our plan had finally been to retreat as soon as we were all out, but I’d had the feeling he would have stayed and killed every Strigoi he could find. But he’d followed orders too, finally beginning his retreat when the others were safe. And in those last moments, just before the Strigoi had bitten him, Dimitri had met my eyes with a look so full of love that it was like that whole cave filled with light. His expression had said what we’d talked about earlier: We can be together, Rose. Soon. We’re almost there. And nothing will ever keep us apart again†¦ I didn’t mention that part, though. When I finished the rest of the tale, the faces of those gathered were grim but filled with awe and respect. Near the back of the crowd, I noticed Abe and his guardians listening as well. His expression was unreadable. Hard, but not angry or scary. Small cups began circulating through the group, and someone handed me one. A dhampir I didn’t know, one of the few men present, stood up and raised his cup in the air. He spoke loudly and reverently, and I heard Dimitri’s name mentioned several times. When he finished, he drank from the cup. Everyone else did too, so I followed suit. And nearly choked to death. It was like fire in liquid form. It took every ounce of strength I had to swallow it and not spray it on those around me. â€Å"Wh†¦ what is this?† I asked, coughing. Viktoria grinned. â€Å"Vodka.† I peered at the glass. â€Å"No, it isn’t. I’ve had vodka before.† â€Å"Not Russian vodka.† Apparently not. I forced the rest of the cup down out of respect to Dimitri, even though I had a feeling that if he were here, he’d be shaking his head at me. I thought I was done being in the spotlight after my story, but apparently not. Everyone kept asking me questions. They wanted to know more about Dimitri, more about what his life had been like recently. They also wanted to know about me and Dimitri as a couple. They all seemed to have figured out that Dimitri and I had been in love-and they were okay with it. I was asked about how we’d met, how long we’d been together†¦ And the whole time, people kept refilling my cup. Determined not to look like an idiot again, I kept drinking until I could finally take the vodka down without coughing or spitting. The more I drank, the louder and more animated my stories became. My limbs started to tingle, and part of me knew this was all probably a bad idea. Okay, all of me knew it. Finally, people began to clear out. I had no idea what time it was, but I think it was the middle of the night. Maybe later. I stood as well, finding it much harder to do than I’d expected. The world wobbled, and my stomach wasn’t very happy with me. Someone caught a hold of my arm and steadied me. â€Å"Easy,† said Sydney. â€Å"Don’t push it.† Slowly, carefully, she led me toward the house. â€Å"God,† I moaned. â€Å"Do they use that stuff as rocket fuel?† â€Å"No one made you keep drinking it.† â€Å"Hey, don’t get preachy. Besides, I had to be polite.† â€Å"Sure,† she said. We made it inside and then had the impossible task of getting up the stairs to the room Olena had given me. Each step was agony. â€Å"They all knew about me and Dimitri,† I said, wondering if I’d be saying any of this sober. â€Å"But I never told them we were together.† â€Å"You didn’t have to. It’s written all over your face.† â€Å"They acted like I was his widow or something.† â€Å"You might as well be.† We reached my room, and she helped me sit down on the bed. â€Å"Not a lot of people get married around here. If you’re with someone long enough, they figure it’s almost the same.† I sighed and stared off without any particular focus. â€Å"I miss him so much.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† she said. â€Å"Will it ever get better?† The question seemed to catch her by surprise. â€Å"I†¦ I don’t know.† â€Å"Have you ever been in love?† She shook her head. â€Å"No.† I wasn’t sure if that made her lucky or not. I wasn’t sure if all the bright days I’d had with Dimitri were worth the hurt I felt now. A moment later, I knew the truth. â€Å"Of course they were.† â€Å"Huh?† asked Sydney. I realized I’d spoken my thoughts out loud. â€Å"Nothing. Just talking to myself. I should get some sleep.† â€Å"Do you need anything else? Are you going to be sick?† I assessed my queasy stomach. â€Å"No, but thanks.† â€Å"Okay.† And in her typically brusque way, she left, turning off the lights and shutting the door. I would have thought I’d pass out right away. Honestly, I wanted to. My heart had been opened up to too much of Dimitri tonight, and I wanted that pain to go away. I wanted blackness and oblivion. Instead, maybe because I was a glutton for punishment, my heart decided to finish the job and rip itself completely open. I went to visit Lissa. How to cite Blood Promise Chapter Nine, Essay examples

A Streetcar Named Desire †Free Assignment Sample Solution

Questions: 1. What are the characteristics of A Streetcar Named Desire that make it a piece of naturalist literature?2. Blanche and Stella both view Stanley very differently how do they see him and what does this view say about themselves? What causes Stella to continue to return to Stanley? Does she really trust him? Does she ultimately sacrifice her sister for him? Answers: 1. Characteristics of A Streetcar Named Desire in context of Naturalism The very first question has been concentrating on the description of the characteristics that has clear reflection of the concept Naturalism. The major characters are Blanche, Stella, Stanley, and Mitch. The interaction between these central characters has been portraying the reflection of the naturalistic approaches throughout the entire story. The setting reflected in the story is completely featuring the sequences that people can see in everydays life. The characters look real itself, which made the readers feel like the real story. While defining herself, Blanche presented the view of an ordinary woman who seeks for a pleasant life. However, unlike others, she also had to face the crucial and tragic part in her life. Blanche found herself as a needy woman all of a sudden after being defeated. The character of Stanley represents the real-life egoistic male who is ruled by his own commands. The character of Mitch is also quite realistic and it showed when she abandoned Blanche afte r knowing the dark side of her past life. Therefore, the character of Mitch did not reflect any shining armor rather a realistic character. The author did not portray his character as a man who will sacrifice to accept Blanche even after knowing the dark past of her life. On the other hand, the character of Stella represented the common society woman who cannot stand any broken marriage or leave their husbands. Each of the characters had portrayed the naturalistic images that are commonly seen in the daily lives. Hence, the story made a clear picture of the Naturalism. 2. Real Characteristics of Blanche and her representations Tennessee Williams in his play A Streetcar Named Desire has portrayed the central personage of a woman named Blanche Du Bois. At the very beginning of the play she attracts out attention by being a sincere and fragile woman in the society. The major difference between the real character and the pretensions of Blanche is that she always prefers to live in a world of illusions, which reveals the illusionistic image of her own at last. The picture illustrated by Williams is reflecting the contradictory nature of Blanche and Stanley, who likes to reside in a world full of reality. Throughout the entire play, Blanche has been trying to rescue herself from immense brutality whereas Stanley ends it up by reflecting his naturalistic worldview. After the death of her husband she never tried to involve with any other person. However, while staying at Stellas home, she started to make an intimate relationship with Mitch. Even in this scenario too, she highlighted an illusionary image of her dark past and revealed the truth to Mitch. Even before, she had gone through the worst kind of pains that was quite unbearable for her. She explained her grief towards the death of her family. She said, All of those deaths! The long parade of the graveyard! Father, mother! Her agony towards being alone is also appeared through her statement. She exclaimed to her sister, I want to be near you, got to be with somebody, I cant be alone. Her inner pain reflected when she expressed her anxiety. She replied, I want to rest! I want to breathe quietly again! Yes- I want Mitch...very badly! Just think! If it happens. The way of her expressiveness revealed her dependency on people and she cannot stay alone. Hence, she always tried to belong to an im aginative world be freed from the immense pain she got in her past relationship.

Jesus and Holy Souls Essay Sample free essay sample

Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory O most sweet Jesus.through the bloody perspiration which Thou didst suffer in the Garden of Gethsemane. have mercy on these Blessed Souls.Have mercy on them. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus and Holy Souls Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst suffer during Thy most barbarous scourging. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst suffer in Thy most painful crowning with irritants. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst suffer in transporting Thy cross to Calvary. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst suffer during Thy most barbarous Crucifixion. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the strivings which Thou didst suffer in Thy most acrimonious torment on the Cross. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. O most sweet Jesus.through the immense hurting which Thou didst suffer in take a breathing Forth Thy Blessed Soul. have mercy on them.R. Have mercy on them. O Lord. ( State your purpose ( s ) here while urging yourself to the psyches in Purgatory. ) Blessed Souls. I have prayed for thee ;I entreat thee. who are so beloved to God.and who are secure of neer losing Him.to pray for me a suffering evildoer.who is in danger of being damned.and of losing God everlastingly. Amons. DAY ONE Jesus. my Saviour. I have so frequently deserved to be cast into snake pit. how great would be my enduring if I were now cast awayand obliged to believe that I myself had caused my damnation. I thank Thee for the forbearance with which Thou hast endured me. My God. I love Thee above all things and I am heartily sorry for holding offended Thee because Thou art infinite goodness.I will instead decease than offend Thee once more.Allow me the grace of doggedness.Have commiseration on me and at the same clip on those blessed psyches enduring in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. come to their aid with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY TWO Suffering to me. unhappy being. so many old ages have I already spent on Earth and have earned naught but hell!I give Thee thanks. O Lord. for allowing me clip even now to expiate for my wickednesss.My good God. I am heartily sorry for holding offended Thee.Send me Thy aid. that I may use the clip yet staying to me for Thy love and service ; have compassion on me. and. at the same clip. on the sanctum souls enduring in Purgatory.O Mary. Mother of God. come to their aid with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY THREE My Supreme being! because Thou art infinite goodness.I love Thee above all things. and repent with my whole bosom of my discourtesies against Thee. Allow me the grace of holy doggedness.Have compassion on me. and. at the same. on the sanctum souls enduring in Purgatory.And 1000. Mary. Mother of God. come to their aid with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY FOUR My Supreme being! because Thou art infinite goodness.I am regretful with my whole bosom for holding offended Thee.I promise to decease instead than of all time pique Thee more.Give me holy doggedness ; have commiseration on me. and have commiseration on those holy psyches that burn in the cleaning fire and love Thee with all their Black Marias. O Mary. Mother of God. help them by thy powerful supplications. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY FIVE Suffering to me. unhappy being. if Thou. O Lord. hadst cast me into snake pit ; for from that keep of ageless hurting there is no rescue. I love Thee above all things.O infinite God and I am unfeignedly regretful for holding offended Thee once more. Allow me the grace of holy doggedness. Have compassion on me.and. at the same clip. on the sanctum souls enduring in Purgatory.O Mary. Mother of God. come to their aid with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY SIX My Divine Redeemer.Thou didst dice for me on the Cross. and hast so frequently united Thyself with me in Holy Communion. and I have repaid Thee merely with ungratefulness.Now. nevertheless. I love Thee above all things.O supreme God ; and I am more grieved at my offenses against Thee than at any other immorality. I will instead decease than offend Thee once more.Allow me the grace of holy doggedness.Have compassion on me. and. at the same clip. on the sanctum souls enduring in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. come to their assistance with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY SEVEN God. Father of Mercy. fulfill this their ardent desire!Send them Thy sanctum Angel to denote to them that Thou. their Father. are now reconciled with them through the agony and decease of Jesus. and that the minute of their rescue has arrived. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY EIGHT Oh my God! I besides am one of these thankless existences. holding received so much grace. and yet despised Thy love and deserved to be cast by Thee into snake pit. But Thy infinite goodness has spared me until now.Therefore. I now love Thee above all things. and I am heartily sorry for holding offended Thee.I will instead decease than of all time offend Thee.Allow me the grace of holy doggedness.Have compassion on me and. at the same clip. on the sanctum souls enduring in Purgatory.Mary. Mother of God. come to their assistance with thy powerful intercession. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory. DAY NINE My God! How was it possible that I. for so many old ages. have borne tranquilly the separation from Thee and Thy holy grace!O infinite Goodness. how enduring hast Thou shown Thyself to me!Henceforth. I shall love Thee above all things.I am profoundly regretful for holding offended Thee ;I promise instead to decease than to once more pique Thee.Allow me the grace of holy doggedness. and do non allow that I should of all time once more fall into wickedness.Have compassion on the sanctum psyche in Purgatory.I pray Thee. chair their agonies ; shorten the clip of their wretchedness ; name them shortly unto Thee in Eden. that they may lay eyes on Thee face to face. and everlastingly love Thee.Mary. Mother of Mercy. come to their assistance with thy powerful intercession. and pray for us besides who are still in danger of ageless damnation. State the undermentioned supplications: 1 Our Father†¦1 Hail Mary†¦The above Prayer to Our Suffering Saviour for the Holy Souls in Purgatory.

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Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment

Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment The theory of the determinants of private investment, irrespective of whether it originates domestically or from abroad, is relevant for an understanding of what drives FDI. This has become increasingly true with the globalisation of world markets, although there remain additional factors which may inhibit or encourage FDI that would not affect domestic investment. Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment depends on firms expectations of demand relative to existing capacity and on their ability to generate investment funds (Fazzari and Athey, 1987:481; Fazzari and Mott, 1986:171). Several studies have challenged the neoclassical assumption that any desired investment project can be financed2. Asymmetric information3 about the quality of a loan could lead to credit rationing, implying that not all borrowers seeking loans at the prevailing cost of capital may be able to obtain financing (e.g, Greenwald, Stiglitz and Weiss, 1984). Consequently, firms tend to rely on internal sources of funds to finance investment, and to prefer debt to equity if external financing is required4. A further theoretical development was the introduction of irreversibility and uncertainty in explaining investment behaviour. This literature demonstrates that the ability to delay an irreversible investment expenditure can profoundly affect the decision to invest (Dixit, 1989; Pindyck, 1991:1110). Firms have an i ncentive to postpone irreversible investment while they wait or new information which makes the future less uncertain (Bernanke, 1983; Cukierman, 1980). The development literature has long been concerned with investment, because of its importance for the rate of growth of per capita output in the economy (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:204; Fei and Ranis, 1963:283; IMF, 1988). Although empirical models of the determinants of investment in developing countries are in broad agreement with results obtained for industrialised countries, there are additional factors which have been found to constrain capital accumulation. Most of these are related to the problem of uncertainty and/or risk, which acts as a disincentive to private investment, because of the irreversible nature of most investment expenditures (Pindyck, 1991). Inflation reduces private investment by increasing risk, reducing average lending maturities, distorting the informational content of relative prices, and indicating macroeconomic instability (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:206-208; Oshikoya, 1994:585,590). Empirical studies show that the variability of inflation has a stronger negative effect on private investment than does the level (Serven and Solimano, 1993:137). Large external debt burdens also have a strong disincentive effect on private investment, especially short-term debt (Faruqee, 1992:52). Debt-service payments reduce the domestic resources available for investment, and poor international creditworthiness reduces access to foreign savings5. For domestic investors, the existence of a large debt overhang reduces the future returns to investment because a high proportion of the forthcoming returns must be used to repay existing debt (Borensztein, 1990:315). A debt overhang is also a major source of uncertainty: the size of future transfers to creditors is uncertain; macroeconomic policy is uncertain; and the exchange rate is uncertain. The combined risks of changes in relative prices, taxation and aggregate demand reduces investment by both domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. Whatever the cause, the irreversibility of real capital expenditures can result in underinvestment if the future is uncertain, even when current conditions are righ t (Tornell, 1990). During macroeconomic adjustment, the credibility of policy changes is an added problem (Rodrik,1989), and the possibility of policy reversal can have serious consequences for real private capital expenditures. Investors prefer to hold financial capital, which is easier to realise if conditions turn out to be adverse, and which retains the option to purchase real capital if optimism continues. For this reason, there are frequently long lags in the investment response to adjustment(Serven and Solimano, 1993:131,137). Several studies report the effects of changes in the real exchange rate6 and the terms of trade7 on investment. These studies generally find that the variability of the real exchange rate is usually Some researchers support the notion that FDI contributes to the productivity and growth of local enterprises. Blomstrom and Sjoholm( 1998) are of the opinion that the productivity and growth of local enterprises could be achieved through spill over effects/externalities from FDI. This is achieved as the Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) either introduce superior technology of through the marketing activities of MNEs that affect the market equilibrium forcing local operators to act in such way that they can retain their original market shares. Graham and Krugman (1995) indicates that competitive enterprises (MNEs) contribute to productivity and growth of the host nation by infusing technology, labour skills, management methods, and training into the host economy. Empirical research shows that FDI affects the economy of a host country in a variety of ways. Firstly, it provides the required capital and state -of -the- art technology that enhances economic growth in the host country (Caves,1996; Dunning, 1993; Blomstrom and Sjoholm, 1998; Smarzynska,2002; Akinkugbe ,2005). Secondly, it augments the skills of the host nations and thus stimulates growth through the infusion of managerial, labour skills and training (de Mello,1999). Thirdly it promotes the technological upgrading, regarding start- up, marketing , and licensing arrangements (de Mello and Sinclair , 1995 ; Markusen and Venables ,1999). FDI is thus seen as a catalyst to the host nations economic growth and development as it enhances technological process and promotes industrial development (Asheghian, 2004). In addition, FDI can be expected to encourage economic growth of the host nation, given the prevailing view that MNEs can complement the local industry and stimulate growth and welfare in the host nations (Grossman and Helpman, 1991; Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995). The major determinants of the host countrys economic development and growth is the economic environment portrayed by its rate of economic growth , trade policy, political stability, legislation , domestic market size and balance of payments constraints (Caves, 1996; de Mello, 1999; Dunning, 1993)- the political economy of the nation . These factors may inevitably influence the decision of foreign investors (MNEs ) on the possible choice of a viable investment location (Akinkugbe, 2005). Dunnings (1981, 1988) electric theory provides a flexible and popular framework where it is argued that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is determined by three sets of advantages which direct investment should have over the other institutional mechanisms available for a firm in satisfying the needs of its customers at home and abroad. The first of the advantages is the ownership specific one which includes the advantage that the firm has over its rivals in terms of its brand name, patent or knowledge of technology and marketing. This allows firms to compete with the other firms in the markets it serves regardless of the disadvantages of being foreign. The second is the internationalisation advantage, that is why a bundled FDI approach is preferred to unbundled product licensing, capital lending or technical assistance (Wheeler and Mody, 1992). The location-specific advantages relate to the importance for the firm to operate and invest in the host country and are those advantages that make the chosen foreign country a more attractive site for FDI than the others. For instance firms may invest in production facilities in foreign markets because transportation costs are too high to serve these markets through exports. This could either be directly related to the actual nature of the good, either being a high bulk item or a service that needs to be provided on site, or due to policy factors such as tariff rates, import restrictions, or issues of market access that makes physical investment advantageous over serving the market through exports. Location advantage also embodies other characteristic (economic, institutional and political) such as large domestic markets, availability of natural resources, an educated labor force, low labor cost, good institutions (the clarity of countrys law, efficiency of bureaucracy and the absen ce of corruption), political stability, corporate and other tax rates among others. Bende-Nabende and Slater (1998) investigate both the short-run and long-run locational determinants of FDI under the broad categories of cost-related, investment environment improving and other macroeconomic factors. The short-run dynamics indicate that European investment in the Thai manufacturing sector has been more responsive to the macroeconomic factors. The long-run dynamics on the other hand suggest that European investment has been more responsive to the investment environment improving factors. In particular, there is evidence to suggest that the Thai manufacturing sector is losing its cost-related comparative advantage. Dar, Presley and Malik (2004) studied the causality and long-term relationship between Foreign Dirct Investment (FDI), economic growth and other socio-political determinants. Although a considerable literature gives the evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. Their paper considers economic growth, exchange rate and level of interest rates, unemployment, and political stability as determinants of the level of FDI inflows for Pakistan over the period 1970-2002. Almost all variables are found to have the theoretically expected signs with two-way causality relationship. The present study also estimates an error correction model by ordinary least squares, based on cointegrating VAR (2). Nunnenen (2002) argues that there is a startling gap between, allegedly, globalization-induced changes in international competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) and recent empirical evidence on the relative importance of determinants of FDI in developing countries. He shows that surprisingly little has changed since the late 1980s. Traditional market-related determinants are still dominant factors. Among non-traditional FDI determinants, only the availability of local skills has clearly gained importance. As concerns the interface between trade policy and FDI, he finds that the tariff jumping motive for FDI had lost much of its relevance well before globalization became a hotly debated issue. Artige and Nicolini (2005) analyse the determinants of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows for a group of European regions. The originality of their approach lies in the use of disaggregated regional data. First, they develop a qualitative description of their database and discuss the importance of the macroeconomic determinants in attracting FDI. Then, they provide an econometric exercise to identify the potential determinants of FDI. In spite of choosing regions presenting economic similarities, they show that regional FDI inflows rely on a combination of factors that differs from one region to another. Bà ©nassy-Quà ©rà ©, Coupet and Mayer (2007) re-examine the role of institutions in the host and in the source country by estimating a gravity equation for bilateral FDI stocks that includes governance indicators for the two countries. Second, they tackle multicollinearity and endogeneity bias by implementing a three-stage procedure for instrumentation and orthogonalisation. Third, they look further into the detail of institutions by using a new database constructed by the French Ministry of Finance network in 52 foreign countries. This database is used to point out in some detail the relevant institutional features. Its country coverage, which focuses on developing countries, is very helpful for studying the impact of the institutional environment of the host country. It does not allow, however, going deeply into the impact of the institutional environment in the source country as well as into the impact of institutional distance. Hence they complement our analysis with estimatio ns based on the Fraser database, which provides fewer details on institutions, albeit on a more balanced country coverage between industrial and developing countries. Finally, they study the impact of institutional distance on bilateral FDI. Onyeiwu and Shrestha (2004) argues that despite economic and institutional reform in Africa during the past decade, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the region continues to be disappointing and uneven. In their study they use the fixed and random effects models to explore whether the stylized determinants of FDI affect FDI flows to Africa in conventional ways. Based on a panel dataset for 29 African countries over the period 1975 to 1999, their paper identifies the following factors as significant for FDI flows to Africa: economic growth, inflation, openness of the economy, international reserves, and natural resource availability. Contrary to conventional wisdom, political rights and infrastructures were found to be unimportant for FDI flows to Africa. The significance of a variable for FDI flows to Africa was found to be dependent on whether country- and time-specific effects are fixed or stochastic. Nakamura and Oyama (1998) studied the macroeconomic determinants of FDI from Japan and the United States into East Asian countries, and the linkage between FDI and trade, and other macroeconomic variables. Their analysis focuses on the structural differences among East Asian counties and classifies them based on statistical tests of fixed effects models using panel data. This examination helps to clarify how Japanese and American multinational firms position their production bases in East Asian countries within their world marketing strategies. In order to avoid the problem of simultaneity among variables, they examine simultaneous equation models to confirm the validity of panel regression results. In their study they find that East Asian countries can be classified into four groups depending on FDI from Japan and other elasticities to macroeconomic variables, and this grouping almost coincides with their economic development stages. Moreover, they confirm that FDI from Japan into a ll the groups are strongly affected by changes in real bilateral exchange rates, but this is not always the case for FDI from the United States. Among different country groups, FDI into group 1 (Taiwan and Korea) responds positively to the Japanese capacity utilization, indicating their industries integration with the Japanese economy. Group 3 (Indonesia and the Philippines) shows that Japanese FDI is buoyed up by the yens appreciation against the U.S. dollar. FDI into group 4 (China and Malaysia) and, to a lesser extent, group 2 (Singapore and Thailand) is oriented more toward capturing local markets compared to the other groups. They also find that Japanese FDI has strong trade expansion effects, which is rarely seen for U.S. FDI. With regards to research on the determinants of FDI to Africa there appears to be a dearth of literature. A Search on the Econlit database using Foreign Direct Investment and Africa as keywords yielded the other two reffered journal articles on the Determinants of FDI to Africa. One of the papers, Schoeman et al (2000), analyses how government policy (mainly deficits and taxes) affects FDI. However, their analysis focuses on one country, South Africa. The Second paper , Asiedu (2002) examines whether the factors that drive FDI in developing countries have a different impact on for countries in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA). However, the analysis focuses only on three variables the return on investment, infrastructure availability and openness to trade, and does not take into account the natural resource availability , which is an important determinant of FDI to Africa. Another paper that focuses exclusively on Africa is Morisset (2000). Unlike Asiedu (2002), Morisset (2000) controls for natural resource availability , measured by the sum of primary and secondary sectors , minus manufacturing. However, this measure of natural resources is too broad and does not accurately capture the availability of minerals and oil, the most important types of natural resources relevant for FDI to SSA. In addition none of the studies examine the impact of some of the important variables that feature predominantly in investor surveys, such as corruption and regulatory framework in the host country. This research extends the limited to empirical literature on the determinants of FDI to Africa by examining the extent to which the economic, political, institutional characteristics of a country, as well as the policy environment affect FDI flows. Nunnekamp (2002) sought to assess whether determinants of FDI have changed with globalisation i.e whether traditional determinants are losing importance whilst non traditional ones are increasingly gaining importance. Two approaches were adopted, namely survey data from European Round Table of Industrialists ( ERT 2000) and simple correlation for 28 developing countries. Market size (proxied by host countrys population and level of GDP ) as a traditional determinant of FDI is said to have declined in importance over time. Other factors such as location, cost differences, qualities of infrastructure, ease of doing business and the availability of skills measured by average years of schooling have become increasingly important as non-traditional determinants of FDI (Nunnekamp 2002:16) The survey results were supplemented by World Bank Data on variables that are considered important FDI determinants. Results show that traditional market related determinants still dominate determinants of FDI distribution among the countries considered (Nunnekamp 2002:24). Non traditional determinants such as cost factors, and trade openness , measured by ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, have typically not become more important with globalisation. Of importance is the availability of skills which is proxied by average years of schooling, which has become a relevant pull factor of FDI in the process of globalisation (Nunnekamp 2002:35). An analysis of a developing country by (Tsai 1991) focused on Taiwan by providing demand size determinants of FDI using time series data. Tsai (1991:279) employed OLS method using equations in logarithm form. Two equations were specified, i.e first on the demand size determinants and the second using variables as ratio of GDP to eliminate possible side of influences. A dummy variable was used to assess the impact of government incentive polices on FDI in different periods. Tsai (1991:276) suggests that for Taiwan only labour cost, market size and government incentive policies are important demand size determinants. Although FDI is seen to exploit cheap labour in developing countries, the case of Taiwan seems to show that growth in FDI with rising labour costs indicates the cheap labour may not be as important as expected. No clear evidence was found to support the expectation that government incentive policies were effective in attracting FDI to Taiwan. An interesting finding in Tsai (1991:279) is that Taiwans relatively outstanding economic performance as reflected in the expanding domestic market and ever increasing per capita GDP during 1965-1985 was not particularly attractive to foreign investors. As Tsai argues, this could be attributed to FDI being used supply side determined rather than demand side or perhaps non- economic factors outweigh the investment incentives. It is generally believed that factors determine FDI inflow in developing countries could have a different impact on SSA countries in particular . This is because developing countries outside Africa seem to attract huge FDI inflow while SSA attracts low levels of FDI as discussed by Asiedu (2002). Another study in Africa by Obwona (2001) investigated the FDI-growth linkage for Uganda. Obwona used the investor surveys approach and econometric tests. Using investor surveys, both local and foreign investors were directly questioned regarding their decisions and decision making processes when investing in Uganda (Obwona 2001:55). The focus was on productive investment, as such purely commercial and consulting activities were excluded. For econometric tests , time series data was used for the period 1975-1991to estimate the determinants of FDI and growth. Findings from the survey showed that increased foreign investment was a result of a conducive investment environment provided by government though its policies and institutions (Obwona 2001:56). The author concludes that from the investors surveyed, foreign investors are primarily concerned with fundamental factors, i.e a stable macroeconomic and political situation and credible policy reforms. For Uganda , Obwona considered pull factors such as growth factors , liberalised exchange rate, low inflation and fiscal discipline. The major determinants are availability and cost of natural and human resources, adequacy of infrastructure , market size, trade policies, macro stability, economic growth and political stability (Obwona 2001:62). The importance of each of these variables , however depends on the type of investment and motivations or strategy of investors. Obwona (2001:62) agrees with other researchers, such as Nunnekamp (2002) that given the shifts in the type of investment, the availability of low cost unskilled labour in location decisions has declined over time. This has meant more emphasis on skilled labour or the trainability of workers. Furthermore, two notable studies by Moolman et al (2006) and Fedderke and Romm (2004) have focused on determinants of Inward FDI to South Africa. Moolman et al (2006) sought to examine the macroeconomic link between FDI in South Africa and its resultant impact on output for the period 1970-2003. In so doing, they initially identified supply side determinants of FDI before analysing their impact on output. Their research method follows the supply side macro econometric framework, which does not take into account the demand side determinants that are equally important as well. On Model specification , five variables were explored as explanatory variables for FDI in the empirical estimation, namely, market size measured by real GDP, exchange rate proxied by the rand-dollar exchange rate , infrastructure, openness and a dummy variable for sanctions. The empirical results of Moolman et al (2006:3) indicate that market size, openness, infrastructure and the nominal exchange rate are factors which South African policy makers should focus on when seeking to attract FDI. The FDI output link does not take other factors such as increased employment , improved skills and new management techniques into account (Moolman et al 2006:29). After thorough investigation and studies, it was found out that only market size and openness are common factor determining FDI. The role of exchange rate is an important determinant of foreign investment in most countries. Particularly for South Africa, it should be considered whether it could be an important FDI determinant. Studies from developing countries have also identified other factors that should be considered as in the case of South Africa as those of Loots (2000) and Ahmed et al (2005).